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[좋은아침] 2017년도 5월 25일자 브라질 연방 관보에 새로운 브라질 외국이민법 (법령 13445/2017) 이 공포되었다. 2017년도 11월부터 발효되었으며 기존의 외국인 법 (법령 6815/1980) 은 폐지되었다.
새로운 외국이민법으로 인해 이민 제도가 바뀌었으며 이는 브라질 국가 이민정책 기준 변화를 반영한 것이기도 하다. 브라질 이민법이 더 휴머니즘 (인간 중심)을 중시하게 되었으며 기존의 까다로운 이민절차를 없애고 이민법 위반에 관한 형사 처벌 및 외국인에 대한 배척 또한 해소하고자 하는 것이다. 다음은 이민법 주요 변경 사항과 외국인이 브라질에 체류할 수 있는 비자에 대한 내용을 정리한 것이다.
▲비자 명칭 및 종류 -12 조항
비자 명칭을 변경하고 영주 비자 (visto permanente)이 폐지된다: “12 조항.
브라질에 입국 또는 영구체류하고 싶은 경우 다음과 같은 비자를 신청할 수 있다: I – 방문비자; II-임시비자; III- 외교관비자; IV -공무원비자; V -무료비자.”
▲ 방문비자 – 13 조항
비즈니스, 관광, 국가통과 또는 임시체류를 위한 비자를 뜻하며 이 비자를 가지고 들어오는 외국인은 브라질 국내에서 급여를 받는 업무를 해서는 안 된다.
위 비자 기간은 규정에 의해 정해지는데 양국간의 쌍방 규율이 적용된다. 비자가 면제되는 경우라도 외국인은 브라질 국내에서 급여를 받는 업무를 해서는 안 된다.
▲임시 비자 – 14 조항
14조항은 임시비자 및 비자목적을 다룬다. 임시비자 종류를 확대하고 항해 운행자들에 대해서는 노동비자를 면제하도록 한다. 비자 기간 및 조건은 추가 규율에 따라서 정해지며 브라질 민법 및 노동법 기준에 준수해야 한다. 헌법 기준 및 규율을 따르도록 해야 한다.
▲체류 허가- 30조항 및 31조항
브라질에 있는 외국인에게 체류 허가가 부여 되었다. 영주 비자 (visto permanente) 가 없어지고 체류 비자가 생기면서 영구적인 체류 승인을 받기 위해서는 임시 비자 및 방문 비자를 통해서만 가능하며 30조항 및 추가 규율에 명시된 조건 충족이 되어야만 체류 비자를 받을 수 있다.
일반적으로 영구체류 허가는 노동을 목적으로 두거나 가족 일원초청, 조사, 교육 또는 학업, 의료치료, 인권보호, 투자, 주요 경제, 사회, 과학, 기술, 문화 활동을 통해서 취득하게 되며 또한 국제협약 (남미자유시장 등)에 따른 체류 허가도 포함된다.
체류 허가 관련 절차 및 기간은 추가 규율에 의해서 정해진다.
31 조항에 따르면 아래와 같다:
1) 비자 취득 절차가 더 단순화 되었으며 60일 기간 내에 체류비자를 발급하도록 하는데 이는 업무, 조사, 교육, 학업을 목적으로 한다. 그 외의 경우에는 특정 규율로 정해진다.
2) 비자 갱신 또는 비자 전환에 대해서는 명시되어 있지 않다.
3) 비자 기간 만료 이후 벌금을 지급한 후 체류비자 발급을 다시 신청할 수 있다.
4) 브라질에서 형법 처벌을 받은 외국인의 경우, 체류비자 발급이 허용되지 않으나 반드시 브라질 형법에 명시된 범죄여야 하며 작은 규모의 범죄 (‘crimes de menor potencial ofensivo’) 는 제외 된다.
이민자 신분증 취득을 위한 등록 -109 조항 및 117 조항
외국인 국가 등록 -RNE -이 이민 국가 등록 -RNM – 으로 명칭이 바뀌었다 (117 조항).
노동비자를 포함한 임시비자의 경우, 이전의 규율과 가장 두드러지게 나타나는 차이점은 기간이다. 등록은 브라질 입국날짜를 시점으로 90일 이전에 이루어져야 한다 (109조항, III). 이전 기간은 30일 이었다. .
체류 비자의 경우, 등록 기간은 정부기관에서 체류 승인을 한 날짜를 시점으로 30일 이전에 이루어 져야 한다 (109 조항, IV).
벌금 및 추방
새 법령에 따라 벌금 및 이민관련법 위반에 대한 처벌 규정이 변경되었다:
1) 개인이 법을 위반하는 경우 벌금이 최소 100 헤알에서 1만 헤알까지 인상될 수 있다. 기존에는 최소 벌금이 8.28 헤알 이었으며 최대 828.28 헤알 이었다.
2) 법인이 법을 위반하는 경우. 벌금이 최소 1천 헤알에서 1백만 헤알까지 인상 될 수 있다. 기존에는 최소 2483.24 헤알이었으며 최대 2-5배까지 인상될 수 있었다.
3) 위반자의 경제적 조건, 재범 여부, 위반 중대성에 따라서 적용될 벌금이 정해진다.
4) 매일 지연되거나 체류 초과에 대한 벌금의 경우, 새로 브라질을 방문하게 되면 발급 될 비자 체류 기간 또한 줄어든다. (107조항, 2번).
5) 추방의 경우, 추방 통보가 주는 기간은 기존의 3-8일에 반해 60일로 변경 되었다. 추방통보기간 안에 체류에 대한 조치가 가능한데 이는 기존 법에서는 다루지 않았다. 그 밖에도 기간을 연기하는 것이 가능하다. 외국인이 브라질 헌법에서 명시한 기준 및 목표에 상반되는 행동을 하는 경우 통보 최소 기간 60일이 취소될 수 있다.
결론
새 법령은 국가이민위원회에 대한 명시를 하지 않는다. 국가이민위원회는 외국인법 (법령 6815/80)에 의해서 조성된 바 있다. 하지만 2017년도 5월 31일에 공포된 787호 규율이 브라질 연방정부 조직에 대해서 다루는데 56조항 II 에 따르면 국가이민위원회가 노동부 산하 조직 중의 하나로 명시되어 있다. 따라서 국기이민위원회는 국가이민정책을 정하는 권한을 부여 받고 있는 것이다. 새 이민법을 개정하는데 둘러싸인 많인 논란을 비롯하여 이민법 정책 단순화를 목적으로 한 것을 고려할 때, 향후 외국인 비자 관련하여 절차단순화를 위한 여러 가지 방안들이 도입될 것으로 보인다. 예를 들어서, 외국인 체류비자 관련하여 기존에 여러 정부 기관에서 검토했다면 앞으로는 한 기관에서 검토가 통일화 되도록 할 계획이다.
새 이민법은 추가 규율로 인해서 보충되도록 한다. 따라서 향후 도입될 규율을 제정하기 위해 이에 대한 연구팀이 조성된다. 노동부에 따르면 연구팀 작업이 이미 시작 되었으며 연구팀이 작성할 규율이 제정되기 전에 공개협의가 이루어 질 것이라고 한다. 따라서 새 이민법을 둘러싼 새로운 규율 및 소식에 대해서 관심을 갖고 지켜보도록 해야 할 필요가 있다.
출처: Mundi Visas
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